The Head of State is the President of the Republic of Belarus. [197] In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a hybrid warfare by human trafficking of migrants to the European Union. Albania country profile 16 January Albania is a small, mountainous country in the Balkan peninsula, with a long Adriatic and Ionian coastline. The former Soviet republic was occupied by the Nazis between 1941 and 1944, when it lost 2.2 million. [209] At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 urban-type settlements councils, and 1,151 village councils. [260], By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. [65], The Belarusian People's Republic was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under the name "Belarus". There were 679,000 unemployed Belarusians, two-thirds of whom were women. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Grodno (314,800) and Brest (298,300). [122] The average elevation of Belarus is 160m (525ft) above sea level. [246] The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women). The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. [61], During the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the Belarusian People's Republic. The 2014 IIHF World Championship was hosted in Belarus and the 2021 IIHF World Championship was supposed to be co-hosted in Latvia and Belarus but it was cancelled due to widespread protests and security concerns. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. After the war, it was estimated that 2.2 million local inhabitants had died and of those some 810,000 were combatantssome foreign. Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. . [73][74] In 1935, after the death of Pisudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many Orthodox churches and Belarusian schools being closed. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. The main trading partners are Russia, which accounts for about 45% of Belarusian exports and 55% of imports, and the EU countries, which account for 25% of exports and 20% of imports. [265][bettersourceneeded], After the Second World War, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. The European Union and the United Kingdom did not recognise the result and the EU imposed sanctions. [203] On 2 December 2021, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada imposed new sanctions on Belarus. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December 1996. Since his election as president in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko has consolidated his rule over all institutions and undermined the rule of law through . Belarus was part of the Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991, after the USSR collapsed. [141] Most non-partisans represent a wide scope of social organizations such as workers' collectives, public associations, and civil society organizations, similar to the composition of the Soviet legislature. Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government, ice hockey is the nation's second most popular sport after football. [84] In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant located 16km beyond the border in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR. In all three countries, the share of the population that identifies with Orthodox Christianity is up significantly since the collapse of the Soviet Union. To the left of this baby, on a bank of red and pink roses, luscious and so alive, a banner is unfurled; it reads 'COMMUNIST PARTY'. [150], Neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, such as the Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party and the Republican Party of Labour and Justice nor the People's Coalition 5 Plus opposition parties, such as the Belarusian People's Front and the United Civil Party of Belarus, won any seats in the 2004 elections. The Romanian Patronal System of Public Corruption (pp. [35][36] In Russia, the usage of Belorussia is still very common. [258] The government's Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country. The Belorussian senior group earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics. Local government in Belarus is administered by administrative-territorial units (Belarusian: - ; Russian: - ), and occurs on two levels: basic and primary. [38][39] The etymology of the word Gudija is not clear. [233] As part of the Union of Russia and Belarus, both states have discussed using a single currency along the same lines as the Euro. [219], The currency of Belarus is the Belarusian ruble. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. . [192], On 1 September 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights declared that its experts received reports of 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of people who were arrested during the protests following the presidential election. Darya Domracheva is a leading biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election . China and Belarus called for a cease-fire and negotiations to end the war between Russia and Ukraine as leaders of the two countries meet in Beijing to improve their relations. [123][124] The country lies within two ecoregions: Sarmatic mixed forests and Central European mixed forests. Except for China, the numbers for most comrades are weak in GDP as well as human development see Belarus, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, and Venezuela. [266] The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. [195], On 23 May 2021, Belarusian authorities forcibly diverted a Ryanair flight from Athens to Vilnius in order to detain opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich along with his girlfriend; in response, the European Union imposed stricter sanctions on Belarus. . The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009. Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometre (127 per sqmi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. Haley said that she will cut foreign aid to countries that dislike the US and launched her #CutEveryCent campaign. Interaction between public authorities The state authority in the Republic of Belarus is exercised on the basis of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Belarus's beleaguered government remains unfazed by covid-19. Bieder, H. (2000): Konfession, Ethnie und Sprache in Weiruland im 20. [107][108][109][110][111] Neither is Lukashenko recognized as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom nor the United States. [269][270], The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the Kievan Rus' period. [246] Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate. 1919 - The Russian Red Army conquers Belarus, and establishes communist rule. . . . KHATYN, Belarus Even by Soviet standards, the massive memorial complex near Minsk to the victims of Nazi atrocities stands out for its immense scale and ambition.Spread across half a million . [40], From 5000 to 2000 BC, the Bandkeramik predominated in what now constitutes Belarus, and the Cimmerians as well as other pastoralists roamed through the area by 1,000 BC. Is Belarus in the EU? Beltelecom owns all the backbone channels that linked to the Lattelecom, TEO LT, Tata Communications (former Teleglobe), Synterra, Rostelecom, Transtelekom and MTS ISPs. Though the opposition candidates, mostly associated with the pro-independence Belarusian Popular Front, took only 10% of the seats,[89] Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko believes that his country will develop more intensively under a strong China, the BelTA news agency reported. Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, Polish: Wilno), for 18 months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. The games will feature 57 medal events in ten sports. [90], Mass protests erupted in April 1991 and became known as the 1991 Belarusian strikes. [103] Around the same time the 2011 Minsk Metro bombing occurred in which 15 people were killed and 204 were injured. Open. [135] Alexander Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. Sino-Belarusian relations have improved,[169] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October 2005. A court on Friday sentenced Belarus' top human rights advocate and one of the winners of the 2022 Nobel Peace Prize, to 10 years in prison. During this period, Anatoly Bogatyrev, creator of the opera In Polesye Virgin Forest, served as the "tutor" of Belarusian composers. The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk,[257] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. List of Every Communist Country in the World as of 2021: China. [120] Norway and Japan have joined the sanctions regime which aims to isolate Belarus from the international supply chain. The National Bank of Belarus abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian rouble in August 2007. Belarus appeared to be the Prussia of the Soviet Union. While Russia is no longer communist, its president, Vladimir Putin, considers the fall of the Soviet Union the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century" and is currently (as of. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. [261], The last major revival of Belarusian literature occurred in the 1960s with novels published by Vasil Byka and Uladzimir Karatkievich. The runner-up opposition leader Andrei Sannikov received less than 3% of the vote; independent observers criticized the election as fraudulent. [267][268], Marc Chagall was born in Liozna (near Vitebsk) in 1887. [130][131], Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. About us. [153], After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. THE DECISION by Alexander Lukashenko, the president of Belarus, to force a passenger flight from Greece to Lithuania to land in Minsk, his country's capital, in order to arrest a journalist on. [274] Tennis player Victoria Azarenka became the first Belarusian to win a Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open in 2012. The Belarusian team . [23][24], Lieutenant General Viktor Khrenin heads the Ministry of Defence,[176] and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief. [73][74] Use of the Belarusian language was discouraged. [144][145][146][147] The Council of Europe removed Belarus from its observer status since 1997 as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections. Washington, Mar 4 (PTI): Communist China is the strongest and the most disciplined enemy that the United States has ever faced, Republican presidential aspirant Nikki Haley said on Friday as she slammed the ruling Democratic Party as a 'socialist' part. The directives, part of a 3,500 . The republic was created in 1920 following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st LithuanianBelarusian Division of the Polish Army under Lucjan eligowski. People with old Belarusian national flags shout during an opposition rally in August in Minsk, Belarus. ", "Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. [87][88], In March 1990, elections for seats in the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR took place. [142], Lukashenko has been frequently described as the "last dictator" in Europe in media. [245], Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. It is bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him", U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus, "Belarus election: UK refuses to recognise result and demands international investigation into 'grisly repression' of protests", "Canada denounces Lukashenko's inauguration in Belarus, preparing sanctions over human rights violations", "U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action", "Britain and Canada impose sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko", "Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions Belarus for role in Russian invasion", "EU bans 70% of Belarus exports to bloc with new sanctions over Ukraine invasion", "Could Russia's Reliance on Belarus be its Soft Underbelly? Along with neighbouring and mainly. In the 1990s some raised the estimate even higher, to 2.7 million. Belarus is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, with the capital Minsk. [118][119] These include not only corporate offices and individual officers of government but also private individuals who work in the state-owned enterprise industrial sector. [46] Trying to avoid the Tatar Yoke, the Principality of Minsk sought protection from Lithuanian princes further north and in 1242, the Principality of Minsk became a part of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania. ( ).-, 1940. [129] The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of caesium binders and rapeseed cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of caesium-137. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman). MOSCOW Not so long ago, the image of Belarus was of a peaceful, if tightly controlled, former Soviet republic, squeezed between Poland and Russia. [205] Each region has a provincial legislative authority, called a region council (Belarusian: ; Russian: ), which is elected by its residents, and a provincial executive authority called a region administration (Belarusian: ; Russian: ), whose chairman is appointed by the president. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. [262], After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. [112][113][114][115] The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country. The contested lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended in 1921, and the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. Russia agrees to sell Belarus gas at 60% below the price charged to other European countries, . Many early Rus' principalities were virtually razed or severely affected by a major Mongol invasion in the 13th century, but the lands of modern-day Belarus avoided the brunt of the invasion and eventually joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Formerly Communist countries (by current name): Formerly part of the Soviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The 2021 UEC European Track Championships in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host. NATO used to be much smaller, and it is only since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the break up of the Warsaw pact, the communist equivalent to NATO, that the organisation swelled its. President Aleksander Lukashenko, who has been in power since 1994, has flatly denied the seriousness of the pandemic, refusing to impose a lockdown, close schools, or cancel mass events like the Belarusian football league or the Victory Day parade. The chairs of executive committees for raions and city of oblast subordinations are appointed by the regional executive committees at the level above; the chairs of executive committees for towns of raion subordination, settlements and villages are appointed by their councils, but upon the recommendation of the raion executive committees. -0.31 -0.32%. Each chamber has the ability to veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the constitution. [60], In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. , ", "Number and territorial distribution of the population", "Belarus GDP Distribution Across Economic Sectors", "The Russian-Belarusian Union and the Near Abroad", "Russia may cut oil supplies to ally Belarus Putin", "What Are The Biggest Industries In Belarus? [158], The Byelorussian SSR was one of the two Soviet republics that joined the United Nations along with the Ukrainian SSR as one of the original 51 members in 1945. [132] Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.[133]. [128] The country is in the transitional zone between continental climates and maritime climates. [136] The National Assembly is a bicameral parliament comprising the 110-member House of Representatives (the lower house) and the 64-member Council of the Republic (the upper house). [243] Minsk, the nation's capital and largest city, was home to 1,937,900 residents in 2015[update]. . The biggest of these was the Soviet Union (The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) which was made up of countries such as Russia, Belarus, Latvia, Ukraine, Georgia and a number of other countries. [citation needed]. [277], This article is about the Republic of Belarus. Anyone who remembers Ukraine in 1989. From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series 2000 notes and coins can be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. Belarusian literature[259] began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw. MOSCOW Not so long ago, the image of Belarus was of a peaceful, if tightly controlled, former Soviet republic, squeezed between Poland and Russia. The victims were hospitalized with intramuscular bleeding of the rectum, anal fissure and bleeding, and damage to the mucous membrane of the rectum. [170] Belarus also has strong ties with Syria,[171] considered a key partner in the Middle East. Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. [182] Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. The official version of events as publicised by the Belarusian government was questioned in the unprecedented wording of the UN Security Council statement condemning "the apparent terrorist attack" intimating the possibility that the Belarusian government itself was behind the bombing. (Eng. The. " BYN -- - - ", " - ", "Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom Belarus", " ", "International Programs: International Data Base", "Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus", "Belarusian Religion statistics, definitions and sources", "Belarus, Roman Catholic Church may ink cooperation agreement", "Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City", "The Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk amazes with its artistic atmosphere, popular artistes, hundreds of events and thousands of reasons to enjoy", "Belarus entry to the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest", " : , ", Cultures Profile Project Eating the Belarusian Way, "Queen Victoria takes the throne determined to court further success", Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia, "The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means? Settlements without their own local council and executive committee are called territorial units (Belarusian: ; Russian: ). Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring Samogitia primary school education with Samogitian literacy was allowed. has ruled the ex-Soviet country with an iron fist . [235] On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund. Wheat and rye bread are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. [160][161] Belarus was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. [218] We give money to Belarus, which is Russian dictator Vladimir Putin's closest ally. [251] President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country". so the map above is more of a modern representation of the countries that formerly made up East Europe. [187][188] Similar regulations were introduced for the forestry industry in 2012. info)). Lukashenko was officially re-elected in 2001, in 2006, in 2010, in 2015 and again in 2020, although none of those elections were considered free or fair nor democratic.[91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. [122] Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. [249][250] Minorities also practice Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Islam and neo-paganism. [44] The Battle on the Nemiga River in 1067 was one of the more notable events of the period, the date of which is considered the founding date of Minsk. From manipulated elections, to a centrally planned economy, ", "Snapshot of the Belarus Country Profile", "UN human rights experts: Belarus must stop torturing protesters and prevent enforced disappearances", "Lukashenko blames Americans and drunks for Belarus protests", "EU imposes sanctions on Belarusian economy", "Belarus dictator threatens to 'flood EU with drugs and migrants', "Belarus dictator weaponizes illegal migrants against EU", "In Lithuania, Migrants Find Themselves Caught in a Geopolitical Battle", "Baltarusijos pareignai su skydais blokuoja migrant grinim: kadrai i pasienio", "Poland accuses Belarus of sending migrants over border as "living weapons" in "hybrid war", "Poland Says Belarus Is Letting Migrants Cross Border In 'Hybrid War' With EU", "Lukaenkos kerto akcija pasiek ir Latvij: i savait rykus nelegali migrant skaiiaus uolis", "US, EU, UK and Canada Announce New Belarus Sanctions", "SectionI: Principles of the Constitutional System. [125], Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. /TASS/. [37], In Lithuanian, besides Baltarusija (White Russia), Belarus is also called Gudija. [246], According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, though a small Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church also exists. At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. Belarus, a country of about 9.5 million people which gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, has a troubled record on human rights that has complicated its relationships with the U.S. and the EU for almost all its independence. For the past few years, the Hungarian government under authoritarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbn has overtly courted the American right, wooing the kinds of anti-democratic forces buoying former. [52][53], The Lithuanian nobles were forced to seek rapprochement with the Poles because of a potential threat from Muscovy. However, it was short-lived as the communist rule and later the Nazi occupation of Belarus would suppress the freethinking writers of Belarus and force many into leave the country. [201][202] Illegal migrants numbers also exceeded the previous annual numbers in Latvia. [248], Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Grodno, consisting in a mixture of Belarusians and the country's Polish and Lithuanian minorities. Washington CNN The US and NATO believe that Belarus could "soon" join Russia in its war against Ukraine, US and NATO officials tell CNN, and that the country is already taking steps to do. Political activists like me should not be imprisoned simply for making YouTube videos. [238] This redenomination can be considered an effort to fight the high inflation rate. [134], The term for each presidency is five years. In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikid dynasty. It was time yesterday. [citation needed] The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed Curzon Line. Other aspects of life were explored by the Belarusian poets and novelists post the 1960s. [266] Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. [276], Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries). . .., 1939.80 . i . The unemployment rate, according to government statistics, was 1.5% in 2005. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions. As of March 2022, countries or regions subject to U.S. sanctions (either unilaterally or in part) include Afghanistan, the Balkans, Belarus, Burma, Central African Republic, Cuba, Democratic. The Nordic countries perform best overall, but the West's two major challengers do poorly in the cultivation of human and humane values. [217] The growth rate is much lower than for the economy as a wholeabout 2.2% in 2021. [190], The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference. [120], Belarus lies between latitudes 51 and 57 N, and longitudes 23 and 33 E. Its extension from north to south is 560km (350mi), from west to east is 650km (400mi). The self-naming of Goths was Gutans and Gytos, which are close to Gudija. In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisaw Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. [222] In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. [248] Roman Catholicism is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism. [165], Bilateral relations with the United States are strained; the United States had not had an ambassador in Minsk since 2007 and Belarus never had an ambassador in Washington since 2008. In a statement issued on Sunday, the Kremlin said that Russia stood ready "to provide the necessary assistance to resolve the problems that have arisen" and referred to a collective security treaty.
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