Resistance by youth to the socialization forces of the school and its inherent power relationships can be expressed in a variety of ways. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. In Canada, research using data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth has found that the social climate within schools and classrooms has important effects on children who display early signs of behavioural problems. The first zone is called the core. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Examples of teachers acting in morally suggestive ways occasionally make it into the mainstream media. The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. In general, students who plan to attend a post-secondary institution, regardless of their specific career aspirations, need to familiarize themselves with the entry requirements of the institution and program the plan to enter. Not only does a childs behaviour have to be modified from a set of learned family-appropriate behaviours, but the setting itself has many new structural features to which a child must become accustomed. In Canada, children from elementary to high school levels spend about seven hours a day at school for about 200 days of the year. The main thrust of this argument is that teaching staff are disproportionately comprised of females who value certain behaviours (like passivity and obedience, which tend to be found more in girls) and subject matter (like reading, which does not appeal to males as much), and that to improve boys performance, more males must be brought into the profession (Skelton 2002; Titus 2004). The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. These students did not have a strong peer group identity with one of the established school peer groups and were at the periphery of the school social scene. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. Codes of conduct are of particular interest because they have been created under the auspices of improving school safety. Schools perform an essential work in the socialization of children by first transmitting the cultures values. The role of peer groups was also discussed. He or she may have to raise a hand to ask questions. There is a certain body of knowledge that it is assumed children must know in order to be productive citizens and function in society. Moral education is a subject taught at all cycles of school in Quebec. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). When a student enters high school, the courses that he or she takes greatly influence the post-secondary options available to him or her upon graduation. The OHRC also found that racial minority students were also disproportionately represented among those who had been disciplined with suspensions and expulsions under the act. You can help your child work on However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). The Safe Schools Act changed the policy to one of mandatory suspensions and expulsions and police involvement for particular rule infractions, provided that mitigating factors were taken into account. Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. Customer Service Environment Group Dynamics Institutions Looking What role does school climate play in student socialization? The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. It should be noted that informal mechanisms of streaming, however, can also be understood as the outcomes of other schooling practices that occur at the level of the institution. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. The first part addresses the essential implication of race theory in adult education. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? Unless a child attended preschool or nursery, the structure and routines of the school day and the social relationships within the school setting must be entirely learned. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. Girls who were verbally abused by teachers during childhood were also less likely to finish high school (Brendgen et al. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between students online learning engagement and their online learning performance by taking the Secondary School Geography Curriculum Standards and Textbooks Research, a small-scale private online course (SPOC) of the geography education undergraduate course, as an example. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. Arai (2000) found in a study of Canadian parents who home schooled their children that most indicated that they objected to specific parts of public education rather than the institution as a whole. Introduction to the Sociology of Education, A Case Study of a Major Education-Related News Item in Canada, Using the Sociology of Education to Help Understand the Events in Attawapiskat, Bronfenbrenner and Ecological Systems Theory, The Development of Education in the Rest of Canada, The History of Aboriginal Education in Canada, Funding of Primary and Secondary Education in Canada, Public and Private Post-secondary Education, Historical Events in Canadian Curriculum Development. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. And the grand outcome of socialization is also theorized to be the result of how all the systems interact with one another. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. Describe how they all impact on student socialization. In an overview of studies (Sussman et al. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. The Ontario Human Rights Commission launched a complaint against the Toronto District School Board, indicating that students with certain types of disabilities were being discriminated against. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. Outside of the core are two rings of moral instruction. Home schooled children typically follow the curriculum of their province of residence. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? No scientific evidence has been found that supports the idea that males perform better when taught by male teachers, either in Canada (Coulter and McNay 1993; Sokal et al. In school, we also learn social skills through our interactions with teachers, staff, and other students. Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. Infamous acts of school violence, such as the events at Columbine High School in 1999, led to increased concern about violence in schools, which resulted in the emergence of zero tolerance policies around school codes of conduct. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. The Manitoba Ministry of Education describes Consumer Mathematics in the following way: The Consumer Mathematics curriculum emphasizes number sense, consumer problem solving, and decision making. Changes in specific school dress codes shift according to trends in popular fashion. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Check Google News for recent news items of the underachievement of boys. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Because the school is such an important agent in the socialization of children, it can also have negative impacts on children who experience negative interactions with their teachers. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. 8. Schools were not equipped to deal with students with social and emotional disabilities, and it was these very students who were disproportionately punished through the Safe Schools Act. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. Within the school setting, social competence is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. 10. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Concept in social psychology in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially Behavioural conformityrefers to the types of self-regulations of the body that a student must control in order to fit into the school environment. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? The outer ring consists of implicit moral instruction, where students are provided with moral exemplars in more sophisticated ways, such as through the curriculum of history and literature. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the As noted by Sweet et al. How did you perceive other groups? Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Students who exhibit higher academic aptitude are put with similar students into advanced courses where they will be challenged. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. Table 6.1 highlights some major structural differences between the school and family setting. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. If your child is stressed by harmful actions of a school bully or experiences frequent conflicts, his socialization experience can deteriorate quickly. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). (2010), such conditions can only negatively impact the achievements of these students and further constrain their post-secondary prospects. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Peer rejection refers to the failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. School climate refers to the sense of belonging to a school community. Plastic water bottles are banned from sale in schools in Ontario, for example, but there are no cases of students being excluded from activities for having them. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). The influence teachers exert over students in their delivery of curriculum has been addressed above and in the previous chapter. But perhaps the worst part of school, especially public As more schools are trying to instill healthy eating habits and becoming more environmentally conscious, many have adopted rules that prohibit the bringing of certain products to school. Children gain an impression of how people perceive them as the Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). What concerns do critics of home schooling have about the socialization of home schooled children? Within the outer ring, teachers are also included as exemplars of moral behaviour (see Box 6.1). There are many agents of socialization within the school environment, as indicated by Brints (1998) zones of socialization. His teacher This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. 1. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. Describe how peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression impact on the socialization experiences of students. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. Streaming, seen this way, may therefore act to reproduce social inequalities by limiting post-secondary opportunities (Sweet et al. All three dimensions refer to a type of conformity that identifies an ideal that students are expected to emulate. The home schooled comprise about one percent of student population in Canada (Hepburn 2001). Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. The family still remains an important part of childrens socialization, even when they enter into school. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. Not all school violence is overt. In what major ways is the organization of the family different from the organization of the school? This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. 2010). In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? Their program, called the Character Education and Virtues Program, rewards students every time they are caught doing a selfless act in the school.3 The students receive a paper bear that is placed on a wall for all to see, and by collecting enough of these, the students receive prizes. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. According to Raby, adolescent girls resistance is hard to characterize because it expresses itself within local, micro-struggles working in an oppositional but sporadic, diffuse, and localized manner (p. 148). Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. Victim characteristics also differ by gender, as male victims are often not tough (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Mathematics and science, for example, are subjects in which males have historically outperformed females. For example, in 2007 British Columbia passed a law require all schools to have codes of conduct and a zero tolerance policy toward bullying. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. Being bullied can also result in the victim becoming physically and/or mentally ill (Sharp 1995; Williams, Chambers, Logan, and Robinson 1996). Conflicts within relationships are dealt with in ways such that the relationship itself becomes the weapon. An applied stream is called Consumer Mathematics, while the academic stream is called Pre-calculus Mathematics. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North Streaming not only influences the course choices of students, but also contributes to the overall socialization of children and adolescents in schools. Religion. Differentiate between the home schooled experience and outcomes of socialization with those who attend school. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al.
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